水中濁度與分析 Turbidity
Why Does Turbidity Matter to Water Quality 為什麼濁度對水質很重要 ?
Turbidity is a simple indicator of water quality that can be measured with turbidity meters and sensors across a variety of applications. In almost all water supplies, high levels of suspended matter are unacceptable for aesthetic reasons and can interfere with chemical and biological tests.
濁度是水質的簡單指標，且可在各種環境應用情況使用濁度計和濁度感測器來進行測量。在幾乎所有的供水系統，基於感觀，高濃度的懸浮物並不為接受，並且會干擾化學和生物測試。
The ability to accurately and reliably measure turbidity is an important component of understanding water quality for the following reasons
準確且可靠地測量濁度的技術能力是了解水質的重要部分，原因如下 :
• Quality and aesthetics 品質與感觀
• Health reasons 健康因素
• Regulatory compliance 法規遵循
• Quality and aesthetics 品質與感觀
• Health reasons 健康因素
• Regulatory compliance 法規遵循
Whether you are in the field or the laboratory, Hach® offers a variety of turbidity analyzers, meters, and sensors to ensure easy and accurate results.
無論您是在戶外/廠區或實驗室，Hach提供各種濁度分析儀、試劑和線上感測器，讓您輕鬆獲得準確分析結果。
Why Measure Turbidity 為什麼要測量濁度 ?
There are many reasons to measure the turbidity of water, but the primary one is to gauge its cleanliness—whether it’s source water, such as a lake in a state park, or potable water in a municipal water distribution system.
Turbidity was originally used as a qualitative measurement in the early 1900s to classify the aesthetic quality of drinking water.
Today’s process is similar in that it relies on qualitative observations but involves instruments that use light-scattering technology for more specific readings.
Quality & aesthetics, health and compliance are just a few reasons why measuring turbidity matters.
測量水濁度的原因有很多，但最主要的是為了測量其清潔程度 - 無論是源水，例如湖泊，還是民生供水系統中的飲用水。
濁度最初在 20 世紀初被用於定性測量，以飲用水的觀感品質進行分類。
現今的過程類似，除了定性觀察，也採用光散射技術的測量儀器取得更具體的讀值。
品質和感觀、健康和法規遵循只是測量濁度很重要的幾個原因。
Turbidity was originally used as a qualitative measurement in the early 1900s to classify the aesthetic quality of drinking water.
Today’s process is similar in that it relies on qualitative observations but involves instruments that use light-scattering technology for more specific readings.
Quality & aesthetics, health and compliance are just a few reasons why measuring turbidity matters.
測量水濁度的原因有很多，但最主要的是為了測量其清潔程度 - 無論是源水，例如湖泊，還是民生供水系統中的飲用水。
濁度最初在 20 世紀初被用於定性測量，以飲用水的觀感品質進行分類。
現今的過程類似，除了定性觀察，也採用光散射技術的測量儀器取得更具體的讀值。
品質和感觀、健康和法規遵循只是測量濁度很重要的幾個原因。
Quality and Aesthetics 品質與感觀
Water that looks cloudy isn’t just visually unappealing - it’s a hallmark sign of poor water quality, potentially correlating with bacterial contamination. If drinking water had high turbidity and was anything but crystal clear, it would be a red flag that the water might not be safe to drink.
High turbidity can also be an environmental concern. Although it is normal for some suspended particles to be present in lakes and rivers, the presence of too many particles in clusters can indicate that certain types of erosion are at play. Sedimentation, for example, can not only make lakes and rivers aesthetically unappealing, but it can also threaten ecosystems.
Water that looks cloudy isn’t just visually unappealing - it’s a hallmark sign of poor water quality, potentially correlating with bacterial contamination. If drinking water had high turbidity and was anything but crystal clear, it would be a red flag that the water might not be safe to drink.
High turbidity can also be an environmental concern. Although it is normal for some suspended particles to be present in lakes and rivers, the presence of too many particles in clusters can indicate that certain types of erosion are at play. Sedimentation, for example, can not only make lakes and rivers aesthetically unappealing, but it can also threaten ecosystems.
Higher levels of particulate matter prevent light from penetrating below the surface to fish and plants that live there. Those particles can also absorb more heat, making it impossible for some organisms to survive if the water temperature rises too much.
In contrast, bodies of water with low turbidity can indicate a healthy ecosystem with little erosion at play. The aesthetic benefits of low turbidity also benefit recreation and tourism industries, leading to a better quality of life overall.
In contrast, bodies of water with low turbidity can indicate a healthy ecosystem with little erosion at play. The aesthetic benefits of low turbidity also benefit recreation and tourism industries, leading to a better quality of life overall.
混濁的水不僅在視覺上不美觀，且是水質差的標誌，可能與細菌污染有關。如果飲用水混濁度高且不清澈，表示該水可能不適合飲用。
高濁度也可能造成環境問題。雖然湖泊和河流中存在一些懸浮顆粒是正常的，但如果顆粒群過多，則可能表示存在某些類型的腐蝕。例如，沉積不僅會使湖泊和河流水質感觀不佳，還會威脅生態系統。
Regulatory Compliance 法規標準遵循
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has several standards for water quality based on turbidity measurements. Water treatment plant operators are required to calibrate turbidity meters weekly or monthly, depending on the type of equipment in use.
Turbidity levels are measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). According to the EPA, potable water must be kept at below 0.15 NTU for a stream coming out of an individual filtration line, and below 0.30 NTU for the combined filter effluent of an entire water treatment plant.
Considering how sophisticated today’s turbidity meters are, the EPA’s calibration standards and NTU requirements may seem overly cautious. But this presence of caution is essential considering that many water treatment plants rely on older equipment that might not be as accurate or efficient.
• Read more about Turbidity's Role in EPA Compliance
高濁度也可能造成環境問題。雖然湖泊和河流中存在一些懸浮顆粒是正常的，但如果顆粒群過多，則可能表示存在某些類型的腐蝕。例如，沉積不僅會使湖泊和河流水質感觀不佳，還會威脅生態系統。
較高濃度的顆粒物會阻礙光線穿透水面以下，以至於無法到達水中的魚類和植物。顆粒還能吸收更多的熱量，如果水溫升高過多，某些水中生物就無法生存。
相較之下，濁度低的水體則表示生態系健康，較少的腐蝕。低濁度也帶來好的觀感必並且讓休閒和旅遊產業受益，進而提高整體生活品質。
相較之下，濁度低的水體則表示生態系健康，較少的腐蝕。低濁度也帶來好的觀感必並且讓休閒和旅遊產業受益，進而提高整體生活品質。
Health Reasons 健康因素
Water that’s rich in solid particles can offer a haven for bacteria and pathogens to grow. If left untreated, high turbidity can cause waterborne disease outbreaks. Today, the two most common threats in U.S. drinking water systems are Giardia lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
Such pathogens aren’t visible to the naked eye, but they can cause higher turbidity levels nonetheless. By taking a sample of drinking water and measuring its turbidity, it is possible to determine how many reflective particles are affecting it. Higher than normal levels indicate that the water may not be safe to drink and should be tested for the presence of bacteria.
Since turbidity levels change daily in drinking water sources such as the Great Lakes, regular monitoring allows plant operators to adjust their treatment operations accordingly.
Water that’s rich in solid particles can offer a haven for bacteria and pathogens to grow. If left untreated, high turbidity can cause waterborne disease outbreaks. Today, the two most common threats in U.S. drinking water systems are Giardia lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
Such pathogens aren’t visible to the naked eye, but they can cause higher turbidity levels nonetheless. By taking a sample of drinking water and measuring its turbidity, it is possible to determine how many reflective particles are affecting it. Higher than normal levels indicate that the water may not be safe to drink and should be tested for the presence of bacteria.
Since turbidity levels change daily in drinking water sources such as the Great Lakes, regular monitoring allows plant operators to adjust their treatment operations accordingly.
富含固體顆粒的水可能會促進細菌和病原體的生長。如果不加以處理，高濁度可能會導致水傳播疾病的爆發。現今，美國飲用水系統中最常見的兩種威脅是賈第鞭毛蟲囊腫和小隱孢子蟲卵囊。
肉眼無法看見這些病原體，但它們會導致更高的濁度。透過取得飲用水樣本並測量其濁度，可以確定有多少反射顆粒對其產生影響。高於正常濃度表示水可能不適合飲用，應該進行細菌檢測。
由於美國五大湖等飲用水源的濁度濃度每天都在變化，定期監測取得準確水質數據可以讓自來水廠操作人員採取因應的調整措施。
肉眼無法看見這些病原體，但它們會導致更高的濁度。透過取得飲用水樣本並測量其濁度，可以確定有多少反射顆粒對其產生影響。高於正常濃度表示水可能不適合飲用，應該進行細菌檢測。
由於美國五大湖等飲用水源的濁度濃度每天都在變化，定期監測取得準確水質數據可以讓自來水廠操作人員採取因應的調整措施。
Regulatory Compliance 法規標準遵循
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has several standards for water quality based on turbidity measurements. Water treatment plant operators are required to calibrate turbidity meters weekly or monthly, depending on the type of equipment in use.
Turbidity levels are measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). According to the EPA, potable water must be kept at below 0.15 NTU for a stream coming out of an individual filtration line, and below 0.30 NTU for the combined filter effluent of an entire water treatment plant.
Considering how sophisticated today’s turbidity meters are, the EPA’s calibration standards and NTU requirements may seem overly cautious. But this presence of caution is essential considering that many water treatment plants rely on older equipment that might not be as accurate or efficient.
美國環保署 (EPA) 根據濁度測量制定水質標準。根據使用的設備類型，自來水廠操作人員需要每週或每月校正濁度計。
濁度濃度以散射法濁度單位 (NTU) 來測量。根據美國環保署的規定，從單一過濾管線流出的飲用水水質必須保持在 0.15 NTU 以下，而整個自來水廠的合併過濾出水水質必須保持在 0.30 NTU 以下。
考慮到現今濁度計的先進程度，EPA 的校正標準和 NTU 要求值可能顯得過於謹慎。但考慮到許多水處理廠使用的舊設備可能不夠準確或高效率，因此謹慎是有必要的。
Which Applications and Processes Require Turbidity Monitoring 哪些應用和流程需要濁度監測 ?
Several industries require regular turbidity measurements in order to keep their day-to-day operations in check. While good water quality is essential, different processes reap additional benefits from measuring turbidity. 許多產業都需要定期測量濁度，以確保日常營運的順利進行。良好的水質很重要，不同的過程可以透過測量濁度而獲益。
Drinking Water Treatment 飲用水處理
While regulatory compliance is important for municipal drinking water and water treatment plants, measuring turbidity can also help keep the cost of operations down. Taking regular turbidity measurements can optimize filter performance by establishing efficient filter backwash cycles. And in the case of filter breakthrough, turbidity readings can indicate a breach of particles before it becomes a costly problem requiring an appropriate regulatory response.
Ultimately, turbidity measurements are an important part of quality control in water treatment plants. They help operators achieve their most important goal: Making water safe for consumers to drink.
• Read the 7 Key Considerations to Drinking Water Turbidity Monitoring
法規遵循對於民生飲用水和水處理廠來說很重要，測量濁度也可以協助降低營運成本。定期測量濁度可以藉由建立有效率的過濾器反沖洗循環來優化過濾效能。
最終，濁度測量是自來水廠品質控制的重要部分。協助操作營運商達成最重要的目標：讓消費者可以安全飲用水。
Beverage Industry 飲料產業
Good water quality is vital in the beverage industry too, where the taste and texture of a drink are of utmost importance. For alcoholic beverages like wine and beer, flavor consistency and shelf life are at the heart of quality control. And for bottled water and soft drinks, it’s easy for consumers to see when something is off—especially if turbidity is an issue.
Turbidity can vary dramatically depending on where water is sourced from in the beverage industry. Having turbidity meters operational ensures that manufacturers can monitor the quality of their water to see if it needs extra filtering or treatment. With consistent measuring, turbidity readings keep quality in check to ensure that water always meets high standards for beverage making.
良好的水質對於飲料產業也很關鍵，因為飲料的口感和質地很重要。對於葡萄酒和啤酒等酒精飲料，風味一致性和保存期限是品質控制的核心。對於瓶裝水和汽水飲料，消費者很容易發現問題，特別是有混濁度問題的時候。
A turbidity meter can reflect on the amount of suspended solids in water at different parts of the treatment process, whether it’s for compliance reporting or for process control in real time.
Turbidity measurements can help ensure that effluent meets quality standards in municipal wastewater.
良好的水質對於飲料產業也很關鍵，因為飲料的口感和質地很重要。對於葡萄酒和啤酒等酒精飲料，風味一致性和保存期限是品質控制的核心。對於瓶裝水和汽水飲料，消費者很容易發現問題，特別是有混濁度問題的時候。
飲料業的水源不同，濁度也會有顯著差異。使用濁度計可以確保製造廠商監測水質，確定是否需要另外的過濾或處理。透過一致的測量，分析濁度可以控製品質，確保水始終符合飲料製作的高標準。
Wastewater Treatment 廢污水處理
A turbidity meter can reflect on the amount of suspended solids in water at different parts of the treatment process, whether it’s for compliance reporting or for process control in real time.
Turbidity measurements can help ensure that effluent meets quality standards in municipal wastewater.
濁度計可以反映出水處理程序不同階段的水中懸浮固體濃度，無論是為了法規遵循報告或即時程序控制之目的。
濁度測量有助於確保排放水符合民生污水的水質標準。
濁度測量有助於確保排放水符合民生污水的水質標準。
How is Turbidity Measured 如何測量濁度 ?
There are three main ways for measuring turbidity, and each has benefits for different industries. 測量濁度主要有三種方法，每種方法對不同的產業都有益處
• Secchi Disks
• Spectrophotometric Method
• Nephelometric Method
• Secchi Disks
• Spectrophotometric Method
• Nephelometric Method
Secchi Disk 沙奇盤
Taking an indirect measurement with a Secchi disk or tube can be helpful for gauging turbidity relative to water clarity in a body of surface water such as a lake or river.
Taking an indirect measurement with a Secchi disk or tube can be helpful for gauging turbidity relative to water clarity in a body of surface water such as a lake or river.
Spectrophotometric Method 分光光度法
A spectrophotometer measures light transmittance of the water sample and the photons can be absorbed by the dissolved substances and scattered by suspended particles present in the sample. Both components contribute to the difference between the amount of light sent to the sample and coming out of it. This difference constitutes total light absorbance by the solution, and it is not easy to distinguish between the light truly absorbed by the components and the light lost to scattering by the particulate matter. The amount of scattered light can be captured by the instrument and translated into turbidity of the sample providing an additional reading besides absorbance. It adds to the design of such spectrophotometric instrumentation and makes it more complex.
A spectrophotometer measures light transmittance of the water sample and the photons can be absorbed by the dissolved substances and scattered by suspended particles present in the sample. Both components contribute to the difference between the amount of light sent to the sample and coming out of it. This difference constitutes total light absorbance by the solution, and it is not easy to distinguish between the light truly absorbed by the components and the light lost to scattering by the particulate matter. The amount of scattered light can be captured by the instrument and translated into turbidity of the sample providing an additional reading besides absorbance. It adds to the design of such spectrophotometric instrumentation and makes it more complex.
Turbidimetry and the Nephelometric Method 濁度法和比濁法
Sensors dedicated to turbidity can measure a flow-through sample or be submerged in water to take more accurate readings using light-scattering techniques. Some turbidity meters can take readings on a sample without touching the liquid directly.
Sensors dedicated to turbidity can measure a flow-through sample or be submerged in water to take more accurate readings using light-scattering techniques. Some turbidity meters can take readings on a sample without touching the liquid directly.
Turbidity meters are the most versatile devices for measuring turbidity, since they can be used in a wide variety of settings. Turbidity meters usually employ a beam of light, called incident light, which scatters off of suspended particles in the sample being measured.
The method of measuring scattered light at 90 degrees to the incident light beam is called nephelometry, and the turbidity meter used for this type of measurement is a nephelometer.
Nephelometers detect the amount of scattered light and compare it to a calibrated measurement standard that can be set by the user. If the water is more turbid, the light will scatter more. If it’s less turbid, the light will scatter less. Only nephelometric methods to measure turbidity are accepted for regulatory compliance and reporting in the US.
Different nephelometers and turbidity meters exist for different purposes, though their core principle of measurement remains the same—measure the portion of light scattered by the particles.